
GCImpedance Inversion
Transforms Aid Interpretation*
Satinder Chopra¹ and Ritesh Kumar Sharma¹
Search and Discovery Article #41622 (2015)
Posted June 1, 2015
*Adapted from the Geophysical Corner column, prepared by the authors, in AAPG Explorer, May, 2015, and entitled "The Transforms: A Big Aid in Interpretation". Editor of Geophysical Corner is Satinder Chopra ([email protected]). Managing Editor of AAPG Explorer is Vern Stefanic. AAPG © 2015
¹Arcis Seismic Solutions, TGS, Calgary, Canada ([email protected])
Seismic inversion
for acoustic impedance is widely used in our industry today, mainly due to the ease and accuracy of interpretation of impedance
data
, but also because it allows an integrated approach to geological interpretation. This month's column refers to "
inversion
" as the transformation of seismic amplitude
data
into acoustic impedance
data
.
Seismic data
represent an interface property wherein reflection events seen due to relative changes in acoustic impedance of adjacent rock layers. Such observed amplitude changes may not indicate if the amplitude changes relate to lithology variations above or below an interface. Acoustic impedance is a physical rock property, given as the product of density and velocity. Well logs measure both these entities directly, so that by dividing the density log with the sonic log, acoustic impedance log is obtained. Thus while acoustic impedance is a layer property, seismic amplitudes are attributes of layer boundaries.
Now, if quantitative interpretation of seismic data
in terms of thin stratal interval properties (impedance) is to be attempted, then instead of the interface reflection properties, we resort to
inversion
. Acoustic impedance, being a layer property, simplifies lithologic and stratigraphic identification and may be directly converted to lithologic or reservoir properties such as porosity, fluid fill and net pay. In such cases then,
inversion
allows direct interpretation of three-dimensional geobodies.
Inversion
plays an important role in seismic interpretation, reservoir characterization, time lapse seismic, pressure prediction and other geophysical applications.
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment
♦General statement ♦Figures ♦Method ♦Examples ♦Conclusions ♦Acknowledgment |
Since the Due to the band-limited nature of the seismic The low frequency trend of acoustic impedance is usually derived from well logs or stacking velocities, and used as a priori information during the The weak high frequency signal components indicate notches or roll-offs on the higher end of the amplitude spectra of seismic traces. Processing steps that tend to broaden the spectral band in an amplitude friendly way are usually adopted so that the Several different techniques methodologies are commonly used to perform impedance
These different impedance
Seismic In simple terms we also can say that there is a certain level of uncertainty in the reservoir models that are built from different impedance outcomes. Of course, we try and lower the uncertainty by introducing some constraints in the
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() In Figure 1, we show a segment of a seismic section from the Montney-Dawson area of British Columbia, Canada, where the Lower Triassic Montney and Doig play has garnered attention in the last decade or so. The Montney Formation consists of interbedded shale, siltstone and sandstone in variable amounts. It is sub-divided into an Upper interval that is predominantly shale and the Lower interval that has siltstone-sandstone dominance. The two intervals are separated by an unconformity that resulted from the tectonic uplift of the area. The Upper Montney interval can be seen at the lower level of lithostrip to the left of the impedance section shown in Figure 1b. Overlying the Upper Montney interval is the Doig Formation, which is divided into three litho units, namely, the lower phosphate zone, middle siltstone shale zone, and the upper calcareous siltstone. Overlying the Doig Formation is the Halfway clean sandstone unit. The Halfway and the Doig interval comprise the Middle Triassic zone. A siltstone and shale interval overlies the Halfway, which in turn has a thin layer (20 meters) of salt above it. This salt is interbedded with anhydrites and siltstone and shows a slight lowering in velocity on the sonic curve, but has an appreciable lowering of density in the same zone. As a result, the impedance curves log curves overlain on Figure 1a exhibit a lowering of impedance in the salt interval. A close examination of the reflection events in the Montney, Doig and Halfway zones shows some lateral amplitude variation – however, it is difficult to interpret this in terms of impedance variation corresponding to lithology, porosity or fluid changes in those intervals. A quick run of three different types of Figure 1c shows the colored The transformation of seismic amplitudes into impedance comes in as a big aid to their interpretation. Such We would like to thank AAPG members James Keay and Hossein Nemati for helpful discussions that led to the making of the lithology strip show in Figure 1b. |