uFigure captions

uBackground and need for color

uColor Schemes

uFinal comments

uFigure captions

uBackground and need for color

uColor Schemes

uFinal comments

uFigure captions

uBackground and need for color

uColor Schemes

uFinal comments

uFigure captions

uBackground and need for color

uColor Schemes

uFinal comments

Figure Captions

Figure 1. Vertical seismic section displayed with gradational blue for peaks and gradational red for troughs, compared to same section (below), displayed in variable area/wiggle trace.

Figure 2. Gas-oil contact reflection and oil-water contact reflection, both shown by green arrows, in a producing reservoir offshore Nigeria (courtesy of ExxonMobil Nigeria).

 Background and Need for Color

Everybody must have noticed that seismic data is more colorful than it used to be. This is not just to make the data pretty, nor because today color is cheap; it is to convey information. Huge amounts of geology can be interpreted from seismic data today -- especially reasonable quality 3-D -- and color, used properly, is an essential tool. Wiggle traces started in the field on paper records. The playback center of the 1950s added the variable area display to help the interpreter follow structure. But for interpretation of stratigraphy, hydrocarbons, porosity, and reservoir properties we need something better.

Variable-intensity color is needed rather than variable-area wiggle (Figure 1) for four reasons:

• Balanced appearance of positive and negative amplitudes.
• No overlap -- and therefore, no clipping of higher amplitudes.
• No mislocation of higher amplitudes.
• Better visual dynamic range.

Color Schemes

All logic and intuition in color usage comes from the color cube, and good color schemes are based closely on it. Contrasting color schemes are used for maps; gradational color schemes for data.

A double-gradational color scheme, such as seen in Figure 1, enhances high amplitude events and is particularly applicable to recognizing hydrocarbon effects and studying reservoir reflections.

A single-gradational color scheme, on the other hand, enhances low amplitude events and is particularly applicable to fault recognition and general structural interpretation. The best example here is variable intensity gray.

The most common double-gradational color scheme and the most universal color scheme overall is the well-known blue-white-red (Figure 1). The normal and conventional use of this has blue for positive amplitude, red for negative and white on zero. That makes it symmetrical with respect to the color cube and symmetrical with respect to amplitude numbers. We can thus easily compare one amplitude that is positive with another one that is negative. We do not add any contrasting color boundaries, because they make those amplitude levels look special -- so that they distract the eye from the study of amplitude trends, patterns, and relationships.

This is the best data color scheme for the novice user. Pure primary blue and pure primary red is normally best. Natural pairing of adjacent reflections is a powerful interpretive observation that aids reflection identification and reservoir understanding. It is made possible only by the use of double-gradational color.

Look again at Figure 1, and note how the upper high amplitude blue and red reflections very closely mimic each other. This helps us identify them as the reflections from the top and the base of one reservoir. The lower high amplitude blue and red reflections also very closely mimic each other. These are the top and base of a separate lower reservoir.

Special enhanced dynamic range color schemes permit even better definition of stratigraphic detail. A good example of this is the color scheme cyan-blue-white-red-yellow illustrated in Figure 2, which provides even more visual dynamic range than blue-white-red. Here, cyan and yellow highlight the maximum amplitudes. Figure 2 shows a reservoir offshore Nigeria in which gas is over oil, which, in turn, is over water. You can easily see that the gas-oil contact is higher amplitude than the oil-water contact, and that the gas bright spot is higher amplitude than the oil bright spot.

Final Comments

An interpreter with a detailed objective will be looking for amplitude trends and patterns, low amplitude indications, and high amplitude indications. He will be looking for character and lateral changes. He will never see these important subtleties in wiggle trace displays. He needs color for reflection identification using natural pairing. He needs color to help identify problems with data phase and polarity. However, habits are difficult to break, and we are certainly all products of our own experiences. Color is essential to modern interpretation, and all those who have been using wiggle traces for years -- and understandably like them -- need to make the transition so that they do not continue missing information.

Color is also valuable for other types of display. Structure maps should use a contrasting color scheme. Horizon slices and most attribute maps, on the other hand, require a gradational color scheme -- again, this helps the interpreter recognize important trends and patterns.

Remember:

• Color bars should be included when plots are made so that the reader knows for sure what the colors mean.
• Displays should always be clearly annotated, so that the reader knows exactly what he is viewing.

Please use color and select your color scheme with care.

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