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Surface
Expressions of Reservoir Hydrocarbons
By
Alan H. Silliman and Mark Wrigley
Survey Products Group, W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
Despite significant development in
theory and practice, the migration of reservoir hydrocarbons to the
surface
and
the evaluation of
surface
hydrocarbon manifestations are still not well
understood. Successful applications have been reported, with
surface
geochemical
studies assisting in the discovery of reservoir-quality petroleum, indicating
the potential of such methods. Even so, important questions are attached to the
use of such data: How are thermogenic compounds expressed at the
surface
? What
is the proper interpretation of such expressions? These questions are addressed
in part with existing
surface
geochemical
data.
Examination of control set
geochemical
samples can assist in the understanding of at least certain portions
of the
geochemical
system. Thermogenic compound
expression
has been studied by
comparison of samples taken from several petroleum production areas, with
samples taken from known background (dry) areas. Increased levels of such
saturated aliphatic compounds as pentadecane (C15)
through octadecane (C18) were
noted for samples located over reservoirs, with respect to samples located over
downdip wet areas. Petroleum emanation signatures are noted near vertical well
bore sites, and also over formation entry points of deviated wells.
The potential for stratigraphic
control of
surface
signal was evaluated with samples from different basin
settings. Petroleum emanations are observed through stratigraphic sequences
presumably not conducive to extensive fracturing (massive anhydrite sequences).
By inference, hydrocarbon seepage may be expected to occur readily in regimes
with more favorable conditions for petroleum migration (such as thick sand
sequences). Patterns and intensities of hydrocarbon compounds may however show
considerable regional variance.
Theories
of hydrocarbon microseepage need to account for the robust nature of vertical
migration, even in areas not expected to include significant vertical fracturing
of strata through to the
surface
. Such theories also should reflect the nearly
vertical nature of this microseepage.