Hydrocarbon Characterization and Gas Potential of
the Saudi Arabian Mesozoic and Paleozoic
Petroleum
Systems
By
Mahdi Abu Ali1
(1) Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia's Paleozoic and Mesozoic
petroleum
systems are discussed with
respect to source rock generation potential and hydrocarbon geochemistry.
Hydrocarbons found in both systems are extraordinarily distinct, suggesting the
presence of an efficient seal separating the two systems. Carbon isotopes
provided an excellent hydrocarbon-source rock correlation tool.
The Paleozoic
petroleum
system
consists of the Early Silurian "hot" basal
Qusaiba shales as the principal source rock. The main reservoirs are the
Devonian and Permo-Carboniferous sands and carbonates. The basal Khuff clastics
are the regional seal for the Permian Khuff and Unayzah reservoirs, and
interbedded shales for the Devonian Jauf reservoir. Hydrocarbons found in this
system
include non-associated gas in Eastern Arabia and extra light oil in
Central Arabia.
The Mesozoic
petroleum
system
is made up of the Jurassic and Cretaceous
sub-systems. Argillaceous carbonates of the Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa
formations are the source rocks for the Jurassic
system
. Carbonates of the Arab,
Manifa, Hanifa, Hadriyah and Fadhili are the main reservoirs. The pervasive Hith
anhydrites are the major regional seal for the Jurassic
system
. Hydrocarbons
found in this
system
are typically medium to light oil and associated gas. The
Cretaceous
system
contains mainly two groups: light oil in the Shu'aiba
carbonate reservoir of the Shaybah field, and heavy to medium oil in the Wasia
clastic reservoirs of the offshore fields.
Based on basin modeling of the respective source rocks, Paleozoic hydrocarbon
potential indicates gas in the
east
and south, and oil in Central Arabia,
confirming the existing hydrocarbon finds. The Jurassic potential is oil for
most of eastern Arabia and gas for southern Arabia. The potential for the
Cretaceous section is mainly oil. Reconstruction of the basin's history along
with hydrocarbon generation provided a regional interpretation of the oil and
gas migration histories.