Figure and Table Captions 

	Figure 1. A. Location map of Panandhro lignite mine in the Kutch basin of western India (after Singh and Singh, 2005). Rann and Little Rann are mud and salt flats. B. Geological map of northwestern part of Kutch basin, showing location of Panandhro (after Saraswati and Banerji, 1984).
	Figure 2. Lithologic section at the Panandhro mine.
	Figure 3. Kerogen types in lignites and carbonaceous shales from Panandhro (after Espitalie et al., 1977).
	Table 1. Results of Rock-eval pyrolysis of Panandhro lignites and carbonaceous shales.
	Table 2. Revised classification of organic matter in coal.

 

Panandhro Lignites and Carbonaceous Shales 

Results of the Rock-eval pyrolysis of samples taken form the Panandhro mine (Figure 2) are given in Table 1, and their plot to illustrate the kerogen type is given in Figure 3. A qualitative, transmitted-light, thin-section study was conducted in order to investigate the maceral content of these lignites and carbonaceous shales (Figure 2). 

Plot of hydrogen index vs. Tmax diagram indicates that only three samples, all from carbonaceous shale, were found to contain Type III kerogen organic matter, which has potential to generate gas and condensate (Table 1, Figure 3). The remaining samples of lignites and carbonaceous shale were found to contain Type II kerogen organic matter, which has potential to generate both oil and gas (Figure 3). Petrographic study of the lignites indicates relatively higher amounts of resinite maceral of the liptinite group, along with the other macerals of the vitrinite and the inertinite groups. Earlier studies have also reported higher resinite macerals (up to 19%) in their samples (Singh and Singh, 2005). Based on this evidence, together with the classification of organic matter by Tissot and Welte (1984) and the the maturation of organic matter proposed by Hunt (1996), it is thought that lignites, in general, are sapropelic rather than humic.

 

Why Some Coals Are Not Humic 

Over 80% of the world’s coals are of bituminous to sub-bituminous type, Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age; therefore, the conclusion that coal is humic is based in large measure on analyses of coals of these ages. However, earlier studies did not take into account the fact that bituminous coal passes through the stages of peat and lignite before reaching their bituminous stage. Biogenic and thermogenic processes release hydrogen during maturation of organic matter due to the temperature and time effect (Hunt, 1996). 

Van Krevelen (1961) studied the coalification tracks of different macerals based on H/C and O/C ratios. He found that after a certain time interval liptinite and vitrinite macerals follow the path of inertinite. This evidence indicates that liptinite macerals with higher atomic H/C ratio during peat formation alter thermally and biogenically during the later stages of lignite formation, as well as development of bituminous coal and anthracite. This is also supported by the higher reactivity of Type II kerogen in comparison to Type III kerogen (Hunt, 1996). Therefore, during the thermal history of organic matter, Type II kerogen will be the first to react, with consequent decrease in their hydrogen content.  Thus, anthracite has the lowest H/C ratio and highest reflectivity due to the increased aromatization of its structure. Consequently, it is difficult to study the individual macerals of anthracite under the microscope.  

Sahay (2006) studied sixteen samples of sub-bituminous to bituminous coal of Early Permian age, in terms of their atomic H/C ratio, in order to investigate the kerogen type. He found all samples were of the Type III kerogen. The important aspect, however, is that Type III kerogen represents the present type of organic matter. It does not quantify the original amount and type of organic matter present during the peat stage. The results of that study indicate that the original amount of the organic matter of these sub-bituminous to bituminous coals may have been higher during the peat stage. Comparing this evidence with the characteristics of Paleocene-Eocene lignite samples of the Panandhro mine indicates that coals are not originally humic, but that they attain humic character during the course of their maturation history, with the removal of the hydrogen content by biogenic and the thermogenic processes. Based on the previous work by the referenced workers and the results of this study, a revised classification of organic material in coal is given in Table 2.

 

Conclusion 

This study suggests that coals are probably not humic throughout their history of development--that they attain humic character during their maturation history.

 

Acknowledgments 

This work was conducted as a part of the post-graduate studies of the author. I wish to thank IIT Bombay for providing Post-Graduate Teaching Assistantship Scholarship. The author is thankful to Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation for permission to obtain samples in the mine. I thank Mr. Suryendu Dutta of the Institute for Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere (ICGV), Germany, for making Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses. The author expresses thanks to Drs. Santanu Banerjee and Pratul K. Saraswati for providing all infrastructural support for this work.

 

References 

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Sahay, V.K., 2006, Determination of GCV equivalence value from carbon, hydrogen of coal with a note on present Coal Bed Methane generation potential of Wardha valley coalfields, Vidarbha region, Maharashtra: Journal of the Geological Association and Research Centre, v. 14, p. 50-52.

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