uBackground

uFigure captions

uGeochemistry data

uMicrobiology data

uSeismic data

uDeployment

uSeismic monitoring

uBackground

uFigure captions

uGeochemistry data

uMicrobiology data

uSeismic data

uDeployment

uSeismic monitoring

uBackground

uFigure captions

uGeochemistry data

uMicrobiology data

uSeismic data

uDeployment

uSeismic monitoring

Figure Captions

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Geochemistry Data 

Geochemical observations will be made within seafloor sediments, at the sea floor, and in the lower water column. Geochemical sensors include:

• Pore water samplers to measure salinity and concentrations of hydrocarbon gases at various depths below the seafloor.

• Chimney samplers to measure the composition and quantity of gas passing through the seafloor.

• Arrays to measure conductivity, temperature, density, and composition of dissolved gas at various levels in the lower water column.

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A mass spectrometer will perform chemical analyses on the seafloor.

Microbiology Data 

The microbial observatory will monitor various aspects of:

• Microbial activity including abundance, diversity, temporal variability, and dynamics of microbial communities.

• Rates of methane oxidation and sulfate reduction.

• Relationships between microbial products and hydrate formation.  

Monitoring sensors will include retrievable, pressurized seafloor test cells and bioreactors, high-surface-area sampling plates of different materials, low-light digital cameras, and devices to retrieve samples under in-situ conditions.

Research goals include:

• Documenting the stability and persistence of gas hydrate outcrops.

• Determining whether methane oxidation and sulfate reduction occur within hydrates without dissociation.

• Characterizing the structure and functions of microbial communities.

• Identifying biochemical controls on, and ecological roles of, certain bacterial mats.

Fine-grained magnetic sulfides that originate with magnetotactic bacteria and then accumulate in gas hydrates will be monitored as possible locators of hydrate deposits.

Seismic Data 

Seismic data will be collected with six linear sensor arrays: two vertical and four horizontal. One vertical array of hydrophones, inclinometers and compasses will extend from the seafloor to a height of 200 meters into the water column. A second vertical array of hydrophones and 3-component (3-C) accelerometers will be in a borehole and extend 150 meters below the seafloor. 

Each horizontal array of hydrophones and 3-C accelerometers will be 400 meters long. Four horizontal arrays will be deployed in an orthogonal cross to create arm lengths equal to water depth (~800 meters).

Deployment 

The monitoring station is being deployed near a hydrate mound in water more than 800 meters deep in Block MC 118 (Figure 2). The mound is located inside the distorted bathymetry contours in the lower part of Figure 2. 

The Minerals Management Service has reserved a large portion of Block MC 118 (the area inside the “MMS Reserve Boundary” in Figure 2) for exclusive use of the monitoring station and associated research.  

Pre-installation surveys began in January, 2005. The first observing systems, a pore-fluid sampler and an array of sub-bottom thermisters were installed in May, 2005. Installation is continuing in stages until the monitoring station is complete. Completion is expected in 2007.

Seismic Monitoring 

When fully operational, the observatory will generate about nine gigabytes of data per hour. Almost all of this data flow will come from seismic sensors operating in continuous acquisition mode. 

A conventional image of the mound will be created by inverting data acquired using conventional seismic sources. Monitoring will consist of comparing this conventional image to subsequent images obtained using ambient noise as the energy source. 

A procedure for imaging the mound using the noise of nearby ships is under development. This technique will utilize the station’s hydrophone data and is based on an established technique known as Matched Field Inversion. 

Attempts will be made to obtain images using other types of ambient noise, particularly the noise of wind-driven waves at the sea surface and the background noise of micro-seismic events. The mound will be re-imaged with conventional seismic sources from time to time.

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